By Henry Alleyne Nicholson Nicholson
ISBN-10: 1146869339
ISBN-13: 9781146869331
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Example text
Chapter 2. Testing Hypotheses in Behavioural Ecology A rigorous scientific approach to the function of behaviour will involve four stages: observations, hypotheses, predictions and tests. The first two, observation and hypotheses, often go hand in hand. It may take many years getting to know a particular species before it is possible to ask good questions about its behaviour and ecology. Niko Tinbergen's work (1953)on the herring gull, Larus argentatus, was the result of over 20 years' painstaking observations of the bird's behavioural repertoire and the environment in which it lives.
Again, two hypotheses can be suggested (Harvey et al. 1978). Large teeth may have evolved in males for defence of the group against predators. Alternatively males may have larger teeth for competition with other males over access to females. There is the problem here of body weight as a confounding variable; males are larger than TESTING HYPOTHESES139 Fig. 5 The degree of sexual dimorphism increases with the number of females per male in the breeding group. Each point is a different genus, some of which are indicated by name.
For a foraging animal, for example, currencies might be energy and time. Gathering food CROWS A N D WHELKS On the west coast of Canada, as in many coastal areas, crows feed on shellfish. They hunt for whelks at low tide, and having found one they carry it to a nearby rock, hover and drop it from the air to smash the shell on the rock and expose the meat inside. Reto Zach (1979)observed the behaviour of north-western crows in detail and he noted that they take only the largest TESTING HYPOTHESES145 whelks and on average drop the shell from a height of about 5 m.
Synopsis of the classification of the animal kingdom by Henry Alleyne Nicholson Nicholson
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