Business Communication Games: Photocopiable Games and by Angela Lloyd PDF

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3 Sometimes indeterminacies seem to turn up; frequently these only bring to light, once again, the problematics of synchronic analysis or, simply, of notation. Still, the English/German correspondence d/d occurs only after n/n and after /// (as in end and gold). After njn it is complementary with the otherwise generously distributed d/t\ after /// it is complementary with thjd. This suggests a primary split for one proto-obstruent in English (with the merger occurring after *l) and one for another proto-obstruent phoneme, actually observable in the written texts of medieval German (after n, < *ri) (cf.

Comparative method, internal reconstruction, typology Henry M. Hoenigswald The "comparative" method (in the narrow sense) of reconstruction is intended as a formal calculus. "Internal reconstruction" makes a similar claim. Both are circumscribed by, and interpreted according to, considerations concerning language typology and, possibly, language universals. ) structure and may be represented in some phonological and in some morphic notation; (b) for neither representation is there one true, or one best segmentation though what is perceived as different (what is "in contrast") must be written differently, a weaker requirement being that what is perceived as identical (homophonous) be written the same (as in biunique [autonomous] phonemic notation); (c) speakers can generate new discourses; (d) speakers are multilingual in the sense that they command different styles, registers, dialects, or languages; etc.

Loc. k'er < *suesr-os, -ei, -i; Olr. siur, gen. sethar (instead of *sesar in analogy to bräthair, bräthar, mäthair, mäthar, athair, athar). c) Attempt at a reconstruction of the phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic systems of the proto-language. 11 Internal reconstruction, the fundamentals of which were already established by Hermann (1907), deals with morphonemic change in individual languages as a result of splitting, as we have it in the representation of Latin rhotacism by Hoenigswald: 12 The relation of Latin fer-t to fer-imus is comparable to that of Latin es-t to er-imus, the latter going back to *es-imus.

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